HISTORY OF ANCIENT INDIA 

It is known in the name of Bharat Bharti, which is known as the country of Bharat, which spread to the country from the Himalayas to the sea, spread to the sea. Bharat was the name of an ancient tribe. Ancient Indians called their country to the island of Jambudweep, i.e. Jambu (Jamun) trees. The ancient Iranians used to add it to the name of the Sindhu River, which they called Hindus by saying Sindhu. This name was spread in the entire west and the whole country started to be known by this name. Greek, Inde and Arabs used to call it Hind. In the medieval, this country was called Hindustan. This word is also made of Persian words Hindu. On the basis of the Greek language Inde, the British started saying it to India.

The mountain-series of Vindhya is the country in the north and south, two parts. In the north, the language of Indo European family speaks and the majority of those who speak the language of Dravid family in the south.

Note: - The majority of major breeds have been mixed with the population of India, it is as follows - Proto-Aostilled, Palio-Mediterian, Kakeshayad, Negroid, and Mongollood.

Indian history is divided into three parts for the study facility - ancient India, medieval India and modern India.

Note: - First of all, the key to sharing history into three parts German historian Christophe Celsius (1638 - 1707)

       Ancient India

Sources of ancient Indian history

Information about ancient Indian history is mainly received from four sources - 1. Historical book 3. Historical book 3. External details and 4. Archeology related evidence

Important information received from Historical and Historical

India is the omnantism Vedas, whose compilers are considered to Maharishi Krishna Dwapion Vedas. Vedas Survaava preached. Indian tradition considers the Vedas regularly and obviously. Vedas is four - Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samved and Atharvaveda. These four Vedas are called Code.

                        Rigveda

The collection of sorting knowledge of Riches is called Rig Veda. There are 10 boards, 1028 Summary (including 11 sources of Walbed Text) and 10,462 Richa. The Rishi, who read this Vedas is called. This Vedas get information about the political system, history and glory of God.

Ragveda is a Gayatri Mantra dedicated to the Sunata Devat Savitri in the third board of Rig Veda composed by Vishwamit. In its 9th Mandal, the god Som is mentioned.

The handwritten Riches of its 8th board are called blossom.

The source of the imagination of Chaturvnya society is the 10th of the Sragveda, according to which the four characters (Brahmins, Kshatriya, Vaishya and Shudra) etc., respectively, arms, jangas and Generated from the steps.

Note: - Differences in the situations, businesses, obligations, duties and privileges of Christututs.

The word used in many paragraphs of Rig Veda is related to the cow.

Note: - Differences in the situations, businesses, obligations, duties and privileges of Christututs.

The word used in many paragraphs of Rig Veda is related to the cow.

                  BC and AD

Currently the prevailing Gregorian Kalankar (Christian Callance / Julian Calendar) is based on Christian Dharmaguru Imita Christ's birth - year (evil). The first time before the birth of Jesus Christ is called BC, as Mahatma Gandhi Buddha was born in 563 BC and death in 483 BC. That is, Mahatma Gandhi Buddha was born and 483 years ago, 563 years before the birth of Christ.

  

The date of birth of Jesus is called the date of the date, it is briefly written for it. E. has written in the word a Latin language A.D. A.D i.e. Anno Domini whose literal meaning - in the year of old ( jesus christ )

 Vincent Arthur Smith prepared the first systematic history of ancient India, Early History of India, in 1904. One-third of this book describes only Alexander's invasion. In this, India is described as a country with autocratic rule, which had never experienced political unity before the establishment of British rule. He has written that in fact, Indian historians are concerned with only one form of rule - dictatorship.

The ancient source of the narrative of the three pags of the wordhat is a Shragveda.

In the Rig Veda, 200 Riches have been composed for 250 and fire for Indra.

Note: - In the form of ancient history, Vedic literature is the place of Shatpath Brahmin after the Rig Veda.

                  Yajurveda

The compilation of the rules of compliance for recitation and sacrificial time is called Yajurveda. Its reader calls the voice.

The rules and methods of Yajra in Yajurveda - get compilation of legislation.

There is also a description of sacrifice method

This is a Veda which is both in the goggling and tongue.

                      Samaveda

The literal meaning is the song. This Vedas is compiled primarily on the occasion of the Yagna (mantras). Its reader says. Its compilation is based on the Rig Veda. Based on it. There are 1810 sources that have often been taken from Rigwad. It is called the father of Indian music.

Note: - There is no description of any specific historical pink in Yajurveda and Samaved.

               Atharvaveda

This Vedas composed by the Rishi and a total of 731 spells and about 6000 tagging. Some of its spells are also a prinerator from Rigwadik Mantras. The mention of the drugs is first found in Atharvaveda. The importance of Atharvaavedi in historically, it is in such a thing that there is a description of the ideas and superstitions of normal humans. Representation of separatorial Atharvyava is considered to be a manner. In all the parties of human life - home building, advancement of agriculture, business routes, business routes, relief, coordination, marriage, and state songs of Raja, the election of the king, many flora and drugs, cursing, atonement, homeland Details of Mahati etc. have been given. There is also a description of magic-sorcery in some mantras. The tested in Atharvaava has been called the king of the king and the good depiction of the prosperity of Kuru is. There has been two daughters of the Congress and the committee in the meeting. There are several branches of the Vedas that represent various approaches related to Vedic Studies and Interpretation. Shakal branch is the only living branch related to Rig Veda. Yajurveda has been divided into two branches of Shukla Yajurveda and Krishna Yajurveda. Meaned and Kanta Shukla is the branches of Yajurveda or Waz. Code. Branches related to Krishna Yajurveda - Kathak, Junior Matrimony and Neur. There are branches of Kautum, Ranayrai and Jemian or Samwar Samaveda. Atharvaveda branches are Shanka and Pappalad.

Note: - The most ancient Vedas Rig Veda and the most subsequent Vedas are Atharvaveda.

Brahan, Araniq, and Upanishad

 The location of the Code is the place of Brahmins, Araniaks, and Upanishads. They receive information about Vedic Carpet Society and Culture. Brahmin Granth has been written in the goggle to explain the Vedic Codes. There are different Brahan texts for each code. After the examination of these Brahmin texts, we get knowledge of earlier events of Bimbisar. The names of the coronation of the coronation and some ancient kings have been given. Gandhar, Kejay, Kaykay, Kuru, Panchal, Kosal, Videa etc. are mentioned in Shatpath. In Vedic literature, after the Rigveda, there is a place of Shatpath Brahmin. There is a viewed and symbolic expression of rituals related to yagya in Araniak. The number of Upanishads is 108, which has been kept in the category of basic Upanishads. In this, philosophical ideas, body, brahmin, soul and brahma have been interpreted with yagna. The woman's graceful situation is obtained from the Matrishyani Code, in which the woman's third main defect has been described as a man like gambling and alcohol. In Shatpath Brahmins, the woman has been asked to be the Ardhangini of a man. The mention of all four ashrams in the house. The most ancient and certified manuscripts are considered to be in memory. This is the standard texts of Shung period. Narada Memory provides information about the secret age

                 Bedaang and Sutra 

To understand the Vedas properly, six Vedangas were composed. These are - Shiksha (science of correct pronunciation), Kalpa (ritual method), Nirukta (science of etymology of words), Grammar, Chhand and Jyotish. Sutra literature was composed to keep the Vedic literature intact. By studying Shrot, Griha and Dharma Sutras, we come to know important things related to Yagya rituals, rituals and political law and behavior. Among the major Sutra writers, the names of Gautam Bauddhayan, Aapasthabha, Vashishtha etc. are especially noteworthy. Among the Sutras, Gautam Dharmasutra is considered to be the oldest.

                         Puranas

The best systematic description of Indian historical stories is found in the Puranas. Its author is believed to be Lomaharsha or his son Ugrashrava. Their number is 18, out of which the genealogy of kings is found only in five - Matsya, Vayu, Vishnu, Brahman and Bhagwat.

Note:- Matsyapurana is the most ancient and authentic among the puranas.

Most of the Puranas are written in simple Sanskrit verses. Women and Shudras who were not allowed to read the Vedas could also listen to the Puranas. The Puranas were recited by priests in temples. Agnipuran is very important from the social and cultural point of view, in which details about monarchy as well as agriculture are also given.

               

     Buddhist, Jain and other literature 

The story of Buddha's ancestor in Jatak is described. The main textile of Henayan is the story of Mahatma Buddha - the character is described with many stories. Jain literature is called an agreement. The initial history of Jainism is known from the formula. Jain Granny gets details of his relationship with Mahavir's life - acts and other simults in Bhagwati Sutra. The author of economics is Chanakya (Kautilya or Vishnugupta). It is divided into 15 tribunals and 180 episodes. It gets information about Maurya History. The first attempt to write historical tits in Sanskrit literature was done by Kalhan. The book composed by Kalhan is the river river (river of kings). This book has eight corners, who have been nominated waves. It is described from the beginning to the 12th century of Kashmir rulers. Sindh of Arabs - Vijay's story is safe in Chatterma (writer Ali Ahmed). The author of the octaric (the first book of Sanskrit language grammar) is Panini. It receives information about the first history of Maurya and Mauryugin politics. Gargi of Kalyan - The Code is a astrology, yet it is mentioned in India's Yavan Invasion. Patanjali was the priest of Pushyamitr Shung, his greatness reveals the history of whims.

     Major information from foreign                  passengers

A. Greek - Roman writer

1. Tessius: - It was Iran's state. Details of India's details are incredible due to the perfect stories

2. Herodotas: - It is called the father of history. It has described the relationship of India - Persoric (Iran) of India - Persoric in its book historic. But the details are also based on compassion and rumors.

3. In the writers coming up with Sikandar, the details of the Economics and Aristobulus are more authentic and reliable.

4. Mongency: - This was the Ambassador of the Cellukus Nicator, who came to the court of Chandragupta Maurya. It has written in his book India about Maurya Jeevine Society and Culture.

5.Dymes: - This was the ambassador of Serian Naresh Antiscas, who came to the court of . Its details are related to Maurya - era.

6. Dianisius: - This was the ambassador of Egypt Naresh Talami Filmfus, who came to Ashoka's court.

7. Talami: - It wrote a book called India's Geography in the second century.

8.Pliny: - It wrote a book called Natural History in the first century. In it, get details about Indian animals, trees - plants, minerals etc.

9. Periplus of the Erithdriance - C: There is no information about the author of this book. This author came on the journey of the Indian Ocean in about 80 AD. It has given information about India's ports and business items at that time.

             B. Chinese writer

1. Fahayan: - This Chinese passenger came to the court of Gupta Naresh Chandragupta II. It has described about the society and culture of its description. It has described the people of Madhya Pradesh happy and prosperous. It remained India for 14 years.

2. Conjugant: - It came to India in 518 AD. It collected the receipts of Buddhism in three years of travel.

3. Hrenosag: - It came to India during the reign of Husway. Hrenosag 629 E. In India, departing for India and after about a year, he first reached the Indian state Kapisha. China has returned to China for 15 years and returned to China in 645 AD. He came to study at Nalanda University located in Bihar Nalanda district and collect Buddhist texts from India. Its excursion is famous as the name of Che-U-U-in which there is a description of 138 countries. It has described about glorious society, religion and political. According to this, King of Sindh was Shudra. Hrenosag had worshiped the statue of the Sun and Shiva along with the statue of Buddha. 

Note: - The Vice Chancellor Acharya of Nalanda University was at the time of study of Hrenosag. This university was famous for Buddhist philosophy.

4. AISING: - It came to India at the end of the 7th . It has described India in its description of Nalanda University, Vikramshila University and its time.

C. Arabic writer

1. Alberuni: - It came to India with Mahmud Gajnavi. Living in Alberuni Khwarism or Drug (Modern Turkmenistan). The book written in Arabic is an important source for historians even today (search of India - India - India - India. It is a detailed book that is divided into eighty chapters based on the subjects, religion and philosophy, festivals, astro, science, alchemy, rituals and practices, social, life, weight weights and measurements, law, monarchy science etc.. It has been beautiful highlights at Rajput - Carpet Society, Religion, Reality, Politics etc.

2. Ibn Batuata: - The journey of his journey written in Arabic language, which is called Rehla, gives very abundant and most interesting information about the social and cultural life of the Indian subcontinent in the 14th century. In 1333 A. In influencing his scholarship, Sultan Muhammad Bin Tughlaq appointed him Kazi or Judge.

                  D. Other authors

1. Taranath: - It was a Tibetan writer. It composed the texts called Kangaur and Tangyur. They get information about Indian history.

2. Markopolo: - At the end of the 13th century, Pandey came on the journey of the country. Its description is useful for the study of Pandya History.

Information available to archeology

Note: - The study of records is called EPG.

The father of Indian Archaeology is called Sir Alexander Cunningham. 1400 AC Records of Bogaz - Names of Vedic Devata Friends, Varun, Indra and Natalya (Ashwini Kumar) from any (Asia Minor). First of all, the mention of the Indian year is in the archive. First of all, the records that give information to the first place is Souhgaura record. In this record, it is also mentioned to keep food in the crisis period. First of all, the information of the attack on India is received from the inner column. Sati - The first written evidence of practice is obtained from the Enricher record (Governance Bhanu Gupta). In the Middle Era, the evidence of evolving Bhagwat is received from the Garuda Column Article of the Garuda Garuda Garuda. The complete history of Sevelope Kings has been written on the basis of their records. Kashmiri has received evidence of the Neopathic Purse Burzohom (Goth house). They had stairs to land. Here's the practice of burying their pet with man. The information about silk weavers has been written on the basis of Mandsaur record. The oldest coins are called coins, this has been called Kasharan in literature. First of all, the work of writing articles on coins was done by the Yavan rulers. The coin of the sea playing is a proof of being a music-lover. Roman coins have been received from Arricmaid (near Puducherry). The style of the art of the temples of North India is called the art of Nagar style and the temples of South India. In the construction of the temples of Dikhopath, there was an impact of both the styles, so it is called a vaser style. The Panchayat word is related to the temple composition style. A Hindu temple then called the Panchayan Style when the main temple is surrounded by four subsidy temples. Examples of Panchayatan Temple - Kandariya Mahadev Temple (Khajuraho) Brahroshwar Temple (Bhubaneswar) Symptoms Temple (Khajurahas) Lingaraj Temple (Bhubaneswar) Dashavatar Temple (Devgarh, UP) Gondeshwar Temple (Maharashtra)

Note: - First of all, Burma (Suvarnabhumi - Currently Myanmar), Malaya (Yavadbeep) was established from Kambodia and Java (Yavadbeep).

        WRITER BY MANJEET SANSANIWAL