HISTORY OF MAHATMA GANDHI 

Birth:

2 October, 1869, Porbandar, Kathiywad Agency (now Gujarat)

Deadval:

30 January 1948, Delhi

Slogan:

Quit the British India !!

 Work / Achievements:

Played the most important role in the conjecture movement

Mohandas Karamachand Gandhi, famous as Mahatma Gandhi, was a major political leader of the Indian Independence movement. After walking on the principles of Satyagraha and non-violence, he played an important role in independence. These principles inspired people to the civil rights and freedom movements all over the world. They are also called the Father of India. Subhash Chandra Bose had addressed him in the year 1944 by saying the 'Nation' in the broadcast of Gandhiji's name from Rangoon Radio.

Mahatma Gandhi is a mirror for the present mankind. He followed non-violence and truth in all the circumstances and asked people to follow them. He spent his life in virtue. He always wore the traditional Indian dress and cooked shawl. This great man who has always eated vegetarian food, many times a long time for self-sufficiency.

Before coming back to India in 1915, Gandhi struggled for civil rights of the Indian community in South Africa as a migrant lawyer. India came and visited the entire country and united to struggle against heavy land and discrimination to farmers, laborers and workers. In 1921, he took over the reins of the Indian National Congress and influenced his political, social and economic scenario with his actions. He received a lot of fame from Salt Satyagraha in 1930 and after that in 1942. During the freedom struggle of India, Gandhiji was also in jail for many years.

Early life:

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born in a coastal city of Gujarat in Porbandar, 2 October 1869. His father Karamchand Gandhi was a small principality of Kathiawad (Porbandar) of Kathiywad at the time of British Raj. Mohandas's mother Pualibai Panami Vaishi used to belong to the community and had a highly religious explanation, which had a young Mohandas and these values have passed the important role in their lives. He used to pay regularly and used to do one day and night in his service after getting sick in the family. Thus Mohandas adopted mutual tolerance among those who believe in non-violence, vegetarianism, self-harm and various religions and cult.

At the age of 13, his marriage was done by 14 years old Kasturba at 1883. When Mohandas was 15 years old, his first children were born but he was alive only a few days. His father Karamchand Gandhi also settled in this year (1885). Later, four children of Mohandas and Kasturba have happened - Harilal Gandhi (1888), Manilal Gandhi (1892), Ramdas Gandhi (1897) and Devdas Gandhi (1900).

His middle school education was in Porbandar and high school education in Rajkot. At the academic level, Mohandas was an average student. In 1887, he passed the matriculation from Ahmedabad. After this, Mohandas enrolled in Shamladas College of Bhavnagar but due to poor health and home disconnection, he remained unhappy and left the college and went back to Porbandar.

Education and advocacy abroad:

Mohandas was the most educated in his family, so his family believed that he could become the successor (Diwan) of his father and uncle. One of his family friends Mawji Dave said that once Mohandas became a barrister from London, he could easily get the title of Diwan. His mother pupilai and other members of the family opposed their ideas to go abroad but agreed on the proprietary of Mohandas. In 1888, Mohandas University College went to England to study the law in London and become a barrister.

According to the promise given to his mother, he spent his time in London. There was a lot of difficulty related to eating vegetarian and had to stay hungry many times in the early days. Slowly they discovered about the restaurants with vegetarian food. After this he also received membership of the 'Vegetarian Society'. Some members of this Society were members of the Thiosophical Society and they suggested to read Mohandas Geeta.

In June 1891, Gandhi returned to India and went there and he came to know about his mother's death. He started advocating in Bombay but he did not get any special success. After this, he went to Rajkot where he started the work of writing the earnings of the lawsuit for the needs, but after some time he had to leave this work.

After all, in 1893, an Indian firm accepted the work of advocacy on one year's agreement in Natal (South Africa).

Gandhiji in South Africa (1893-1914):

Gandhi reached South Africa at the age of 24. He went there as a judicial advisor of some Indian traders located in Pretoria. He spent 21 years of his life in South Africa where his political thoughts and leadership skills were developed. In South Africa, they had to face severe racial discrimination. Once the train was thrown out of the train after refusing to go to the third grade box after the first class coach.

All these incidents became a significant turning point in their life and the cause of awareness towards existing social and political injustice. Looking at the injustice on Indians in South Africa, in his mind, the honor of the Indians and the questions related to their identity are raised.

In South Africa, Gandhiji inspired the Indians to struggle for their political and social rights. He also raised the concerned issue of the citizenship of the Indians in front of the South African government and actively inspired the British officers to recruit Indians in the 1906 Zulu war. According to Gandhi, Indians should support the British war efforts to wear legal jamma to legalize their citizenship.

Conflict of Indian Freedom Struggle (1916-1945):

In 1914, Gandhi returned to India from South Africa. By this time Gandhi had been distinguished as a nationalist leader and convenor. He had come to India on the advice of the liberal Congress leader Gopal Krishna Gokhale and in the early stages, the idea of Gandhi was very much influenced by the ideas of the Gokhale. Initially, Gandhi visited various parts of the country and tried to understand political, economic and social issues.

Champaran and Kheda Satyagraha:

The movements in Kheda of Bihar and Kheda in Gujarat gave Gandhi the first political success in India. British landlords used to cultivate Neil instead of food crops in Champaran and used to buy crops at cheap price, which was becoming worse. Because of this they were very surrounded by poverty. After a devastating famine, the English government scolded the burden day by day. Overall position was very disappointing. Gandhiji led by Gandhiji protests against the landlords and led the strikes, after which the demands of poor and farmers were considered.

In 1918, Kheda, in Gujarat, had come under the grip of drought, due to which the situation of the farmers and the poor became worthless and people started demanding forgiveness. Under the guidance of Gandhiji in Kheda, Sardar Patel led the farmers to discuss this problem with the British. After this the British released all the prisoners by liberation from revenue collection. Thus, after Champaran and Kheda, Gandhi's reputation spread across the country and he emerged as an important leader of the freedom movement.

Khilafat Movement:

Gandhiji got a chance to increase his popularity between Congress and Muslims. Khilafat was a worldwide movement by which the opposition dominance of Khalifa was being done by the Muslims of the whole world. After being defeated in the first World War, the Ottoman Empire was fragted, due to which the Muslims remained concern about the security of their religion and religious places.

The leadership of Khilaf in India was being done by 'All India Muslim Conference'. Slowly Gandhi became its main spokesman. In order to express solidarity with Indian Muslims, he returned the honor and medal given by the British. After this, Gandhi became not only the Congress but the only leader in the country, which was on the people of various communities.

Non-cooperation movement:

Gandhiji believed that in India, English was possible only in collaboration with the Indians and if we all work together against the British, then freedom is possible. Gandhiji's increasing popularity made him the biggest leader of the Congress and now he was in this situation that he could use uneading, non-violence and peaceful resistance against the British. Meanwhile, the Jaliana massacre caused a huge trauma to the country, which was fluttered in the public and violence.

Gandhiji called the indigenous policy, in which foreign goods were especially boycotting English goods. He said that we would wear Khadi made by hand-made hand by our own people than all the Indian British. They asked men and women to rub each day. Apart from this, Mahatma Gandhi also requested the boycott of Britain's educational institutions and courts, leaving government jobs and returning to the Indian government.

The non-cooperation movement was getting immense success, which increased the enthusiasm and participation in all sections of the society but in February 1922 it was ended with Chauri-Chaura Kand. After this violent incident, Gandhiji withdrew the non-cooperation movement. He was arrested and the prosecutor of them was sentenced to six years imprisonment. Due to bad health, he released the government in February 1924.

Swaraj and Salt Satyagraha:

After the arrest during the non-cooperation movement, Gandhiji was released in February 1924 and remained far from active politics till 1928. During this time, he was engaged in reducing the crime between Swaraj Party and the Congress and in addition to fighting against untouchability, alcohol, ignorance and poverty.

At the same time, the English Government created a new Constitutional Reform Commission for India under the leadership of Sir John Simon, but one member was not Indian, due to which the Indian political parties boycotted it. After this, in the Calcutta session of December 1928, Gandhiji asked the English Hukumat to provide power to the Indian Empire and even if it did not have to be ready to face the non-cooperation movement for the country's independence. On December 31, 1929, India's flag was hoisted in Lahore on December 31, 1929, and the Congress celebrated on January 26, 1930 as Indian Independence Day.

After this, Gandhiji runs salt satyagraha in protest against the government by the government, under which he traveled around 388 kilometers from Ahmedabad to April 12 to 6 April. The purpose of this trip was to generate salt themselves. In this journey, thousands of Indians participated and successful in distracting the English government. During this time the government arrested more than 60 thousand people and sent jail.

After this, Lord Irwin's government decided to discuss with Gandhiji, which consequently signed on the Gandhi-Irwin Treaty in March 1931. Under the Gandhi-Irwin Treaty, the British government agreed to release all the political prisoners. As a result of this agreement, Gandhi participated in the Round Table conference held in London as the only representative of Congress, but this conference was disappointing for Congress and other nationalists. After this Gandhi was arrested again and the government tried to crush the nationalist movement.

In 1934, Gandhi resigned from the membership of the Congress. In the place of political activities, he has taken care of his 'most low level' nation through 'constructive programs'. He started working to educate rural India, continue the movement against the untouchability, spinning, knitting and other cottage industries and to create a favorable education system for the needs of the people.

Harijan movement:

As a result of Dalit leader BR Ambedkar's efforts, the English government had approved separate elections under a new constitution for untouchables. Gandhiji, closed in Yervada jail, fastened in September 1932 and forced the government to adopt a similar system (Poona Pack). This was the beginning of the campaign run by Gandhiji to improve the life of untouchables. On May 8, 1933, Gandhiji fasted 21 days for self-purification and started a one-year-old campaign to pursue the Harijan movement. Dalit leaders like Ambedkar were not pleased with this movement and condemned Gandhiji to use Harijan's word for Dalits.

Second World War and 'Leave India Movement':

At the beginning of World War II, Gandhi was favored to give 'non-violent moral cooperation' to the British, but many leaders of the Congress were unhappy that without consulting the representatives of the people, the government gave the country in war. Gandhi announced that on one side India was being denied to give freedom and on the other hand India was being involved in the war to victory of democratic powers. As the war increases, Gandhiji and Congress quickly made the demand for the movement 'Leave India'.

'Leave India' became the most powerful movement of the struggle of the freedom movement, which was comprehensive violence and arrest. In this struggle, the freedom fighter was either killed or injured and thousands were arrested. Gandhiji had made it clear that he will not give support to British war efforts until India should not give immediate freedom. He also said that despite personal violence, this movement will not stop. He believed that the government chaos in the country is also dangerous than real chaos. Gandhiji asked all the Congressmen and Indians to maintain discipline with non-violence or die (Do or Die).

As everyone estimates the English Government arrested all the members of Gandhiji and the Congress Executive Committee on 9th August 1942 and Gandhiji was taken to the palace of Pune, where he was kept in captive for two years. Meanwhile, his wife Kasturba Gandhi became on 22 February 1944 and after some time Gandhiji also suffered from malaria. The English could not leave them in jail in this condition, so they were released on May 6, 1944 for the treatment.

Despite the success of the Oshik Success, the Bharat Movement organized India and by the end of World War II, the British government had given a clear indication that soon the power of the power will be handed over. Gandhiji finished the movement of India and the government released about 1 lakh political prisoners.

Country partition and freedom:

As it has been said earlier, the end of World War II had indicated the British government to free the country. Along with the movement of India's independence, the demand of a 'different Muslim Bahulya country' (Pakistan) under Jinnah was intense and in the 40s, these forces changed the demand of a separate nation 'Pakistan' in reality. Gandhiji did not want the country because it was absolutely different from the principle of his religious unity but it was not found and the British divided the country into two pieces - India and Pakistan.

Gandhiji's murder:

On January 30, 1948, the Nation Prat Mahatma Gandhi's 'Birla House' was murdered at Delhi's 'Birla House' at 5:17. Gandhiji was going to address a prayer meeting when his killer Nathuram Godse scored 3 bullets in the chest. It is believed that 'Rama' was the last word from his mouth. Nathuram Godse and his associate were prosecuted and he was sentenced to death in 1949.

            Writer by Manjeet sansaniwal